The ebola virus took the world by storm after it was carried to the United States and spread by people who had visited West Africa. The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems. Origins of the Ebola epidemic - WHO Understanding Ebola: Epidemiology of Virus Disease <>
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Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone - a case study of 581 patients. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. and In 2014, an Ebola epidemic spread from Africa to other continents, becoming a pandemic. Disease Outbreak News. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? Mar 2020 [internet publication]. How are Women Emotionally Affected After a Hysterectomy? Nobody had any. General introduction into the Ebola virus biology and disease. The first drug, approved in October 2020, Inmazeb, is a combination of three monoclonal antibodies. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. endobj
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The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). 2021 May 14;19(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01996-5. analyse site usage and support us in providing free open access scientific content. Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. Please note that medical information found
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Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. Ladak, Reese Jalal Your feedback has been submitted successfully. Transmission dynamics and control of Ebola virus disease (EVD): a Neagu M, Calina D, Docea AO, Constantin C, Filippini T, Vinceti M, Drakoulis N, Poulas K, Nikolouzakis TK, Spandidos DA, Tsatsakis A. J Cell Mol Med. It has also been responsible for smaller outbreaks in the DRC since then. Ebola Epidemic: Student Worksheet Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and . N Engl J Med. Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Clinical management of patients and deceased during the Ebola outbreak from October to December 2003 in Republic of Congo, A limited outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Etoumbi, Republic of Congo, 2005, Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases, Vulnerability in an Influenza Pandemic: Looking Beyond Medical Risk, Outbreaks in a rapidly changing Central Africa - lessons from Ebola, North Kivu: The Background to Conflict in North Kivu Province of Eastern Congo, Africa's displaced people: out of the shadows, Public health impacts of ecosystem change in the Brazilian Amazon, A brief history of Ebolavirus disease: paving the way forward by learning from the previous outbreaks, https://www.who.int/es/newsroom/detail/08-08-2014-statement-on-the-1st-meeting-of-the-ihr-emergency-committee-onthe-2014-ebola-outbreak-in-west-africa, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2009_02_17/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_27_ebola/en/, https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/le-gouvernement-d-clare-la-fin-de-lpid-mie-de-la-maladie-virus, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1996_04_26b/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1997_03_02/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_12_05/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2001_12_11/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2002_05_09/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/1996_11_18/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2000_10_16/en/, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5005.pdf, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2007_02_20b/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2012_10_04/en/, https://reliefweb.int/disaster/ep-2012-000124-uga, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2003_02_18/en/, https://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_06/en/, https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html, http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255798, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/146397/WHO_EVD_CaseDef_14.1_eng.pdf;jsessionid=D50E261E8412FD55D03653A7195C1D2B?sequence=1, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2015/12/12/the-young-continent, https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/april2010/africa%E2%80%99s-displaced-people-out-shadows. It is transmitted by means of contact with infected blood, mucous membranes, semen and other secretions, therefore being skin lesions and sexual contact significant ways of transmission (Boulton, 2014). https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html, In contrast to this, the Sudan ebolavirus has a lower case fatality rate of 39% to 65% in previous outbreaks, with the largest outbreak occurring in 2000 in Uganda (425 cases). PDF triad Preprint not peer reviewed In 2014, a total of 20, 206 cases and 7,905 deaths were reported to have occurred in up to eight countries worldwide. News-Medical. Retrospective observational study of 38 outbreaks of Ebola disease occurred from 1976 through 2019, excluding laboratory accidents. Abstract Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. Disease outbreak news. N Engl J Med. } CDC Issues Level 3 travel Warnings for West Africa. TIM-1 Augments Cellular Entry of Ebola Virus Species and Mutants, Which Is Blocked by Recombinant TIM-1 Protein. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. . Could Ebola virus be used for bioterrorism? Cannabis users with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia more likely to experience psychotic symptoms. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433. 1). Emerg Infect Dis. As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. 3 0 obj
The case fatality rate during the 2014 outbreak was up to 64.3% in hospital admissions,[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Evolution of ebola virus disease from exotic infection to global health priority, Liberia, mid-2014. Ebola Virus Epidemiology - News-Medical.net Ebola virus can spread to people when they have contact with an infected animals blood, body fluids, or tissues. An official website of the United States government. CHAPTER 2 - Retrospective studies conducted by WHO staff and Guinean health officials identified the index case . How can I learn more about Ebola virus disease? https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON325. Each genus includes some serotypes with the distinctive characteristics to cause high mortality rate during outbreaks. An official website of the United States government. Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo), https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/local-health-districts/, https://www.vdh.virginia.gov/surveillance-and-investigation/ebola/. He, Alexander J. Epidemiological features and trends of Ebola virus disease in West The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Disease Outbreak News. Emerg Infect Dis. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. N Engl J Med. In terms of the reading in addition to the lecture by Haneefa Saleem, the class learned about what is the Ebola virus and its history, the affect it has on a person and their community in addition to how the world has perceived this virus. Early reports of Ebola virus disease from Guinea, CDC field team deployed. The triangle comprises three vertices: the agent (the cause of the infection), the host (disease reservoir), and the environment (extraneous factors) responsible for transmission (Kaur, Sachdeya, Jha, & Sulania, 2017). 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Africa. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433 The natural history of EVD has shown that the disease may pose a problem to developed countries and may present a thread to individuals. Feb 2021 [internet publication]. There was considerable difference in the ability of health care services to deal with infectious diseases due to scarcity in supplies and training. Keywords: PLoS One. New York Times. Unfortunately, aside from the Zaire ebolavirus, there is currently no data on the potential reservoirs of the other four Ebola virus species. News-Medical. Origins of the 2014 Ebola epidemic. Example- HIV AIDS Agent HIV is a viral infection that targets a person's immune system, making it more vulnerable to other forms of infection. Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was first reported during early March 2014 in Guinea's 3 southeastern prefectures (Gueckedou, Macenta, and Kissidougou), which border Liberia and Sierra Leone; however, retrospective investigations indicate Ebola virus (EBOV) transmission might have occurred in Guinea since December 2013 (1-4).On March 27, 2014, EVD was reported in Conakry . Affected countries in Africa included Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and the epidemic, having begun in December 2013, went on for a full year, with additional cases occurring throughout 2015. endobj
Some observations have shown the decrease in case fatality ratio after several generations of patient-to-patient passage. Jul 2022 [internet publication]. Be sure the info you fill in Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola is updated and correct. (4) The disease was originated from and named after a river in the Democratic of Congo. ?j\jQI"8dDbD n. Originating in 1976 in equatorial Africa, past outbreaks with a few hundred cases had been contained within rural, forested areas in Uganda and Congo (Piot, 2012). In 2014 the world watched in horror as West Africa experienced the largest Ebola epidemic in history. World Health Organization. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response. 2015 Sep;93(3):438-40. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0229. Get Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola - US Legal Forms Has data issue: false [37]World Health Organization. Epidemiology of Epidemic Ebola Virus Disease in Conakry and Surrounding Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. <>>>
Metrovi, Tomislav. Jul 2020 [internet publication]. United States Agency for International Development, United Nations Office for Project Services, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER). on this website is designed to support, not to replace the relationship
The Epidemiologic Triangle is a model that scientists have developed for studying health problems, specifically to understand infectious diseases and how they spread. It can help your students understand infectious diseases and how they spread. Ebola virus disease in the light of epidemiological triad PLoS One. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! He enjoys contributing back to the community. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. VOV {Ki%/
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The Ebola outbreak. Read about the Epidemiologic Triangle. The paper summarizes available evidence regarding the determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease, including health care and community related risk factors. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as medical equipment like needles and syringes. 2022 Jul;112(7):1025-1033. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.306842. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with the persistence of the Ebola virus in a reservoir species. Treatment for EVD also consists of supportive care and relief of symptoms. Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. 2022 Oct 4;22(1):769. doi: 10.1186/s12879-022-07723-6. There has been an acute worry roaming about the United States concerning the Ebola Outbreak. %PDF-1.5
The virus obtained its name from the Ebola River in Africa. Indicate the date to the record using the Date option. Viral RNA and even infectious particles have been found in the genital secretions, semen, urine, saliva, feces, vomit, and in the skin of infected patients. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433. Image Credit: Valeniker / Shutterstock.com. Originally, Ebola had never touched the United States until September of 2014. 2021. The exact source of Ebola infections remains an open question, and despite all the efforts, there remains a lack of clear indicators about the reservoir of the virus. Elife. Bookshelf Impacts of environmental and socio-economic factors on emergence and government site. 1). Zaire Ebola virus poses the most significant threat to humans and animals. Ebola Virus Disease: Rapid Diagnosis and Timely Case Reporting are Critical to the Early Response for Outbreak Control. Flight 822 was where it all began. [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Dec 2021 [internet publication]. On March 23, the WHOs Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) released the first Ebola report on the emergence of the disease in Guinea. The most recent outbreak of 2014 has set the alarm bell ringing across the globe for increased focus, funding, research, and development toward the control and management of this emerging viral communicable disease that has a potential pandemic threat. As the chart below displays, 71% of the people infected died as a result of Ebola during this first outbreak (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56 (2): 247-270, 1978). It was observed that the level of uncertainty for the estimations is relatively high which may hinder to make some predictions for the future evolution of EVD outbreak. 1. Jul 2022 [internet publication]. Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). As the prevalence of Ebola grew, the WHO maintained contact with its regional offices in West Africa. Disclaimer. 2019 Sep 29;6(1):435-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015708. Still, successful isolation of the Marburg virus from the cave-dwelling species of the fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus lends support to the proposed idea of bats as a reservoir species for all filoviruses. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Back to basics in COVID-19: Antigens and antibodies-Completing the puzzle. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. Ebola virus infection - Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice US Complete each fillable area. This vaccine is recommended as a pre-exposure vaccine for certain adults who are at risk of being exposed to Ebola virus (for example, outbreak responders, laboratorians or other staff at certain laboratories who handle specimens that might contain Ebola virus, and healthcare personnel working at state or federally designated special pathogens treatment centers). In late 2013, Ebola virus disease (EVD), a deadly and lethal disease, remerged in West Africa spreading to various countries in the region. There are always new cases of Ebola arises in different parts of Africa and it still continues to be a threat, Every illness begins at a single source that can rapidly spread to susceptible individuals who are completely unaware of what is occurring before them. Avoid contact with semen from a man who had EVD until you know the virus is gone from the semen. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-recommended-criteria-for-declaring-the-end-of-the-ebola-virus-disease-outbreak. Disease outbreak news. Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. CDC Emergency Operations Center activated, CDC deployments surge. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Metrovi, Tomislav. Genetic sequencing has shown that the virus isolated from infected patients in the 2014 outbreak is 97% similar to the virus that first emerged in 1976. Contact Tracing: Barriers and Facilitators. Polish Academy of Sciences & Jagiellonian University Medical College. Metrovi, Tomislav. (2) To the United States, there had never been any worry about the disease until September twentieth of 2014. Cookie Settings. BAM, Teacher's Corner, Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle - CDC A practical community-based response strategy to interrupt Ebola transmission in sierra Leone, 2014-2015. "7b8=
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Pigott DM, Millear AI, Earl L, Morozoff C, Han BA, Shearer FM, Weiss DJ, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU, Moyes CL, Bhatt S, Gething PW, Golding N, Hay SI. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy? Is there an association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and adverse microbiota-gut-brain axis implications? There has only been one outbreak of Bundibugyo ebolavirus: in 2007 in western Uganda, and this outbreak had a case fatality rate of 25%. The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Disease The best way to understand the epidemiologic triangle is to see how epidemiologists use it to explain the spread of existing diseases. Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations The disease is introduced into the human population via close contact with the blood, bodily secretions, organs, or other fluids of infected animals. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. www.cidrap.umn.edu//commentary-health-workers-need-optimal-respiratory-protection-ebola
"Being at first skeptical that Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, we are now persuaded by a review of experimental and epidemiologic data that this might be an important feature of disease transmission, particularly in healthcare settings.". xna%b83EtbQ,@.%dWg8Ci%aI$\7_wo>|r)oo7xy!RH"dsy{q&|/~h'n31;@.>aP19z2"rphVh0lGmY3/KlH1ZC0L^[`|C4ryDpX{exve&X$o+@Plp{An22P03R_2kP#PO-r7_Dn~+ZV0YVVv~U~i[eQxyn; -DBF)%9"v! MeSH Feb 2021 [internet publication]. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in those areas. In Central Africa, for the last three years outbursts have been recognized every year, the most recent of which proceeded in the Republic of the Congo with the amount of victims more than 125, according to the World Health Organization (Ebola. This page was processed by aws-apollo-l1 in. The .gov means its official. Before N Engl J Med. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. Meta-analysis shows phytosterol-fortified foods effectively lower LDL cholesterol levels. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. <>>>
2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/01/03-0125_article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. Ebola virus infection; chain of infection; determinants; replication number; risk factor; source; spread; transmission. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1413685 Keywords: Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. More active disease surveillance needs to occur. Potluri R, Kumar A, Oriol-Mathieu V, Van Effelterre T, Metz L, Bhandari H. BMC Infect Dis. Disease outbreak news. %
Hostname: page-component-75b8448494-spc8s There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). In 2014 the United States was hit with a force far more deadly and dangerous than many threats received. Two treatments have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus), in adults and children. "Ebola Virus Epidemiology". 2022. and around 20% in patients managed outside West Africa. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ebola health update:north Kivu/Ituri, DRC, 2018-2020. The complex and unprecedented Ebola epidemic ongoing in West Africa has highlighted the need to review the epidemiological characteristics of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) as well as our current understanding of the transmission dynamics and the effect of control interventions against Ebola transmission. There can be any number of elements that fall under each of the Triangles vertexes. doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. This is the same technique that epidemiologists use when they are researching the outbreak of a disease. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Recent outbreaks. If EVD is suspected based on the persons symptoms and exposure to Ebola virus, such as having close contact with an Ebola-infected person, he or she should be isolated (separated from other people) immediately and the local health department should be notified. These particular monoclonal antibodies bind to part of the Ebola viruss surface to prevent the virus from entering a persons cells. Fields virology. The disease as it was discovered spread through direct contact of unmans to humans, and then thought, from non-human primates to humans. We use cookies to enhance your experience. Ding, Yu In his spare time, Tomislav is a movie buff and an avid traveler. Am J Public Health. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? The epidemic was a result of unsafe and unsanitary hospital practices, and non-sterilized medical equipment. However, bats are frequent residents in equatorial Africa, where they are even hunted for food. Render date: 2023-04-29T22:21:14.756Z Accessibility for this article. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. * A probable or suspected case becomes CONFIRMED when a sample from that person tests positive for EVD in laboratory. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies [35]World Health Organization. In this episode of omg OMx, Bruker's science-driven podcast, Kate Stumpo interviews Daniel Hornburg, the VP of Proteomics at Seer, as they discuss the innovative technologies in plasma proteomics. endobj
Moreover, the outbursts have appeared in Africa over the following 27 years, with death rates that differ from 50 to 90%. Bull World Health Organ. Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report: Metrovi, Tomislav. January 2015 [internet publication]. The evolution of Ebola virus disease outbreaks. World Health Organization. A Level 3 grade constitutes a greater WHO role in the outbreak, particularly through an increase in resources, According to Cullinane and Park, Hundreds of people are dead as the worst Ebola virus outbreak in history sweeps through West Africa (Cullinane & Park, 2014, para. Bats and rodents have been considered as potential reservoir species for a long time. In addition to his interest in clinical, research and lecturing activities, his immense passion for medical writing and scientific communication goes back to his student days. Eastaugh, Lin S. Emerg Infect Dis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. Diagnosis; Ebola; Ebola hemorrhagic fever; Ebola virus diseases; Epidemiology; Prevention; Treatment; Vaccines. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help More info. 2017 Jun 22;12(6):e0179356. This means that health care workers should be encouraged to document and report those they think have been exposed and their contacts. News-Medical. There have been differences (P = .04) between the outbreaks produced by the Sudan and Zaire strains of the virus, both in terms of duration and case fatality ratio (Sudan strain 74.5 days on average and 62.7% of case fatality ratio versus Zaire strain with 150 days on average and 55.4% case fatality ratio). 2 0 obj
When healthcare workers became infected colleges became frightened further reducing community trust in the healthcare system. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal <>
Jun 2021 [internet publication]. Ebola virus disease - pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management. and Training for outbreak response through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. Annu Rev Virol. 2016 Aug 5;5(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s40249-016-0167-0. <>
Smither, Sophie J. In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2023 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, we spoke to Ron Heeran, a speaker at the 2023 James L. Waters Symposium. The presence of the Zaire ebolavirus in naturally infected fruit bats was first documented when viral RNA and antibodies were detected in three different bat species of the Pteropodidae family: Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti, and Myonycteris torquata. At this time, the WHO sent teams into the field to manage and trace cases. Fill out the Epidemiological Triangle for the current Ebola outbreak. It was observed that the level of uncertainty for the estimations is relatively high which may hinder to make some predictions for the future evolution of EVD outbreak. Study Objective: Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. The disease was then contained, however sporadic outbreaks of the Zaire and Sudan Ebola subtypes have risen in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Uganda, and Sudan; one of the latest outbreaks was in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in September of 2007. In this time the Center for Disease Control spent much time and many resources looking for answers to the many questions they had. The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Disease
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