Perhaps the most tragic negative aspect of the Second Industrial Revolution was the growth of unregulated child labor. Each of these states had roughly 5 percent more of the total US workforce than would be expected given their populations. German inventor Karl Benz patented the world's first automobile in 1886. Boost your . 3) Mining of Resources. The boat moved faster with the broken propeller. By the late 1700s many people could no longer earn their living in the countryside. . This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the All Red Line. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. One of the first machine tools was John Wilkinson's boring machine, that bored a precise hole in James Watt's first steam engine in 1774. [75] The process used molecular nitrogen (N2) and methane (CH4) gas in an economically sustainable synthesis of ammonia (NH3). Industrial Revolution - Definition, Timeline, Causes, Effects Early 20th-century films like Fritz Langs sci-fi dystopia Metropolis or Charlie Chaplins assembly line comedy Modern Times capture this fear of the factory worker as a human robot. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. "Modeling the Transition to a New Economy: Lessons from Two Technological Revolutions,". Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. [70], The discovery of coprolites in commercial quantities in East Anglia, led Fisons and Edward Packard to develop one of the first large-scale commercial fertilizer plants at Bramford, and Snape in the 1850s. You could produce all the parts of a gun and assemble any set and make a gun, Satia says. The Cowper stove is still used in today's blast furnaces. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. The Second Industrial Revolution. Match. Railroad lines expanded from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 254,000 miles in 1916. Sidney Gilchrist Thomas developed a more sophisticated process to eliminate the phosphorus from iron. This allowed the use of more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, and longer rail cars, all of which greatly increased the productivity of railroads. Matthias.". In England, he attempted to implement his theories commercially through a fertilizer created by treating phosphate of lime in bone meal with sulfuric acid. The girls said they worked long hours in a candy factory and couldnt stand the sight or smell of it. The use of machine tools began with the onset of the First Industrial Revolution. [63] Alloy steels were used for ball bearings which were used in large scale bicycle production in the 1880s. The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. Taylor's core principles included:[citation needed], The period from 1870 to 1890 saw the greatest increase in economic growth in such a short period as ever in previous history. [99], Increased mechanization of industry and improvements to worker efficiency, increased the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [34] Henry Ford is quoted as saying that mass production would not have been possible without electricity because it allowed placement of machine tools and other equipment in the order of the work flow. [52], The tremendous growth in productivity, transportation networks, industrial production and agricultural output lowered the prices of almost all goods. Within just a few decades, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the United States from a mainly rural agricultural society to a booming industrial economy centered in major cities. Mass Production & Assembly Line 2. Increasingly, people moved from farms and villages into bigger towns and cities to find work in factories. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. 40 terms. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover. Penn also introduced the trunk engine for driving screw propellers in vessels of war. Learn. 51, 103116 & Preston, A., & Major, 1965, J., Send a gunboat. [102], The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. The process of industrialization continues around the world, as do struggles against many of its negative effects, such as industrial pollution and urban crowding. [103], By 1900 the German chemical industry dominated the world market for synthetic dyes. The rapid advancement of mass production and transportation made life a lot faster. The modern bicycle was designed by the English engineer Harry John Lawson in 1876, although it was John Kemp Starley who produced the first commercially successful safety bicycle a few years later. The theoretical and practical basis for the harnessing of electric power was laid by the scientist and experimentalist Michael Faraday. [105], Belgium during the Belle poque showed the value of the railways for speeding the Second Industrial Revolution. James Hull, "The Second Industrial Revolution: The History of a Concept", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLandesyear-1969 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHunterBryant1991 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFRoe1916 (. [6], The first commercial telegraph system was installed by Sir William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone in May 1837 between Euston railway station and Camden Town in London. The turbine's first application was in shipping followed by electric generation in 1903. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. Railroads were largely responsible for this great burst of economic production, according to Richard White, a Stanford history professor and author of Railroaded (2001). By 1889 110 electric street railways were either using his equipment or in planning. The trend began during the first half of the 20th century when several European countries chose to convert basic sectors of their economies to collective or common ownership, a common characteristic of socialism. This historic boost in factory output, coupled with the invention of technological marvels such as the telegraph, the telephone, the automobile, and the radio would forever change how Americans lived and worked. A railroad required expertise available across the whole length of its trackage, to deal with daily crises, breakdowns and bad weather. The Mariner's Mirror, The Journal of the Society of Nautical Research. [57] Its popularity soon grew, causing the bike boom of the 1890s. Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution. Mass production fostered the concept of capitalism which had been raised by Adam Smith . In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railway companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth. Sponsored by Sen. Robert F. Wagner of New York and signed by its ardent supporter, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the FSLA prohibited the employment of minors in oppressive child labor, established a mandatory minimum wage, and limited the number of hours employees should work. 7 Negative Effects of the Industrial Revolution - HISTORY This greatly reduced the infection and death rates from many diseases. The origins of the Industrial Revolution Part of History The Industrial Revolution Key points The Industrial Revolution, which took place between 1750 - 1900, was a period of great change in. Justus von Liebig was the first to understand the importance of ammonia as fertilizer, and promoted the importance of inorganic minerals to plant nutrition. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. Both were replaced by electricity for street lighting following the 1890s and for households during the 1920s. [76] The invention of Parson's steam turbine made cheap and plentiful electricity possible and revolutionized marine transport and naval warfare. Test. A collision in Massachusetts in 1841 led to a call for safety reform. [15] Other important steel productsalso made using the open hearth processwere steel cable, steel rod and sheet steel which enabled large, high-pressure boilers and high-tensile strength steel for machinery which enabled much more powerful engines, gears and axles than were previously possible. When social activist Jane Addams threw a Christmas party at the group home she had just founded in Chicagos slums in 1889, she passed out candy to the impoverished girls who lived there. Improvements in steam engine design and the wide availability of cheap steel meant that slow, sailing ships were replaced with faster steamship, which could handle more trade with smaller crews. [78] Unlike earlier steam engines, the turbine produced rotary power rather than reciprocating power which required a crank and heavy flywheel. Men, women, and even small children worked in factories. It was a tremendous transformation of peoples lives, says Joshua B. Freeman professor of history at Queens College and author of Behemoth: The Making of the Factory and the Modern World. The boat was built at Tipton using temporary bolts, disassembled for transportation to London, and reassembled on the Thames in 1822, this time using permanent rivets. Match. The Major Causes of the Industrial Revolution Include. [56] Dunlop's development of the pneumatic tyre arrived at a crucial time in the development of road transport and commercial production began in late 1890. By the year 1900, the impact of the Industrial Revolution was felt across the United States. The basic model of ownership of industry also underwent a major innovation during the Second Industrial Revolution. By the 1860s, the increased availability and lower cost of Bessemer process steel finally allowed the railroads to utilize it in quantity. Wrought iron was soft and contained flaws caused by included dross. This was successfully completed on 18 July 1866 by the ship SS Great Eastern, captained by Sir James Anderson after many mishaps along the away. Other important alloys are used in high temperatures, such as steam turbine blades, and stainless steels for corrosion resistance. Early U.S. railroads had used wrought iron rails imported from Britain. It undermined the centuries-old class structure in Europe and reorganized the economic and philosophical worldview of the West. Enormous fortunes had been made by the owners of factories, natural resources . [5], Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine, petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio). With the greatly reduced cost of producing pig iron with coke using hot blast, demand grew dramatically and so did the size of blast furnaces.[10][11]. The railroad soon became the main way by which companies transported raw materials to their factories and delivered final products to consumers. Electrification was called "the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century" by the National Academy of Engineering. The changing world of the Second Industrial Revolution also led to fears by social critics about the loss of freedom, autonomy and independence that is replaced by boredom, repetition and toil, according to Freeman. Inventors and Inventions of the Industrial Revolution, The Rise of the Machines: Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Industrial-Revolution-Causes-and-Effects. (2021, December 6). Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. Liebig is considered the "father of the fertilizer industry" for his discovery of nitrogen as an essential plant nutrient and went on to establish Liebig's Extract of Meat Company which produced the Oxo meat extract. The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Yet after World War I, the railroad would be replaced by the automobile. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[7]. The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of groundbreaking advancements in manufacturing, technology, and industrial production methods, particularly in the United States, from around 1870 to 1914. The Second Industrial Revolution also gave rise to the first workplace safety and work hours laws, including the prohibition of child labor. This started a new era for paper making,[39] and, together with the invention of the fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. Consequently, they needed better ways to track costs. However, his enterprise was unsuccessful due to the prohibitive cost at the time.[36][37][38]. Oil (Gasoline) 5. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. [67][68] Control theory is the basis for process control, which is widely used in automation, particularly for process industries, and for controlling ships and airplanes. The Bessemer process, invented by Sir Henry Bessemer, allowed the mass-production of steel, increasing the scale and speed of production of this vital material, and decreasing the labor requirements. Vassiliou, M. S. (2009). For many, the shift from rural to factory life was gruelingespecially for children. Students may search the Library's online collections to find additional evidence to support the causes and effects on the class chart. No longer able to compete with the lower cost of mass-produced goods, many artisans and craftsmen lost their livelihoods. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line; it ended at the beginning of World War I. [104] There were many spin offs from researchsuch as the pharmaceutical industry, which emerged from chemical research. This meant that products were cheaper to make and also cheaper to buy. 18 terms. It also made it possible to build larger ships, skyscrapers, and longer, stronger bridges. Use this chart to identify the causes and effects of these events in the North, South, West, and Midwest. Causes of Industrial Revolution: The analysis we have just concluded reveals that the entire society of European continent was absolutely ripe for change and the governments of several European states took [] While factory automation and productivity had been improved by the limited use of First Industrial Revolution inventions such as the steam engine, interchangeable parts, the assembly line, and mass production, most late 19th century factories were still water-powered. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity. The Industrial Revolution brought about sweeping changes in economic and social organization. Cotton mill workers from Indianapolis, circa 1908. 4) Impact of the Steam Power on the Revolution | Causes Of The Industrial Revolution. Great swaths of land that had once whispered grass now screamed corn and wheat.". Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[61]. Print. entertainment, news presenter | 4.8K views, 31 likes, 13 loves, 80 comments, 2 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from GBN Grenada Broadcasting Network: GBN News 28th April 2023 Anchor: Kenroy Baptiste. However, some continue to express reservations about its use. For example, industrial standardization marked an evolution in the arms industry, says Satia, author of Empire of Guns: The Making of the Industrial Revolution. It was an era when industrial growth created a class of wealthy entrepreneurs and a comfortable middle class supported by workers who were made up by immigrants and arrivals from Americas farms and small towns. [45], Synthetic dye was discovered by English chemist William Henry Perkin in 1856. Thus, the depletion of resources and environmental pollution aggressively started around the first revolution. Overview of the Second Industrial Revolution [29] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Universal History Archive/UIG/Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/second-industrial-revolution-advances, How the Second Industrial Revolution Changed Americans Lives. Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first "modern oil well". The Second Industrial Revolution was as period of tremendous economic, industrial, and technological advancement taking place between the end of the American Civil War and the start of World War I. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/second-industrial-revolution-overview-5180514.